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EALC 370: The Lotus Sutra (HC/BMC) Spring 2024

Types of reference resources

Reference resources


Included below are select reference sources which may be helpful. Types of reference sources include encyclopedias, dictionaries, handbooks, manuals, and companions, among others.

While these categories are porous, in general:

  • Encyclopedias offer broad overviews of a topic, and may go into more or less specific detail, depending on the focus of the work. They may also include recommendations for further reading.
  • Dictionaries serve to "define" the terms one will encounter within a given area of inquiry. This includes not only field-specific technical terminology, but often entries defining, e.g., proper names of people, places, eras, and movements as well.
  • Handbooks, manuals, and companions are often collections of scholarly essays which provide an introductory overview to the debates and issues surrounding the study of some topic.
  • Bibliographies or literature reviews emphasize the sources to consult to gain entry into an area of study or debate. They will survey the major relevant literature (or representative literature) and may also include annotations. Certain literature reviews may be structured more like scholarly essays or articles.

Oxford Bibliographies Online

Literature Reviews

Literature reviews are useful insofar as they often provide a summary treatment of issues and debates surrounding a certain topic or which characterize a given area of research. These sketch out the intellectual terrain of an issue or area of study (often like an encyclopedia entry) but also provide a list of important sources and readings, often presented with a brief account of their respective content or contribution.

Below are three collections which will very likely provide literature reviews/bibliographies relevant to your topic.

Oxford Bibliographies Online (click icons above) will contain a variety of literature reviews which may be relevant to your research topic. The Oxford Bibliographies database is subdivided into a number of areas, the most relevant of which will generally be in the sections on BuddhismChinese Studies, and Art History. Searching the whole OBO site is recommended.

Here are just a few examples of their reviews:


Articles in Compass Journals are broadly similar in providing an overview of important literature in a given area. They are unique in that they take the form of a more traditional essay or article, usually arguing a thesis (in contrast to the more encyclopedic approach in Oxford Bibliographies).

Though most of the relevant articles will likely be in Religion Compass  Connect from Bryn Mawr College  Icon  Icon, it will be useful to search the larger Wiley portal using the search bar at the top right of the site.

Some examples of potentially useful Compass articles:

ProQuest Dissertations & Theses collects a large volume of graduate theses and dissertations. These may be particularly useful for you insofar as doctoral dissertations (and to a more limited extent, masters theses) usually contain a portion devoted to reviewing the scholarly literature pertinent to the author's topic or argument.

Most often, this literature review will appear in the introduction or first chapter of the dissertation, but this may or may not be labeled or titled "literature review" at any point. Nonetheless, you can usually spot where the relevant literature is being reviewed when the citations, references, or notes become more dense.

Here are a few examples that may be relevant to your study of the Lotus Sutra and its influence:

Select reference works

Visual arts-focused reference sources