Quakers and Indigenous Boarding Schools (HC and SC)

This study investigates collaboration among missionaries, evangelicals, Quakers, Cherokee, Choctaw, and Seneca that developed in opposition to Indian removal.

Quakers and Native Americans examines the history of interactions between Quakers and Native Americans (American Indians). Fourteen scholarly essays cover the period from the 1650s to the twentieth century.

During the late nineteenth century, Anglo-Americans inflicted cultural and economic devastation on Native people. Though this process is often understood as a clash of rival economic systems or racial ideologies, it was also a profound spiritual struggle. In The Gods of Indian Country, Jennifer Graber focuses on Kiowa Indians during Anglo-Americans's hundred-year effort to acquire, explore, and seize their homeland.

Centering on the relationship between Quaker colonists and the Lenape people, Finding Right Relations explores the contradictory position of the Quakers as both egalitarian, pacifist people, and as settler colonists. This book explores major challenges to Quaker beliefs and resulting relations with American Indians from the mid-seventeenth century to the late nineteenth century. It shows how the Quakers not only failed to prevent settler colonial violence against American Indians but also perpetuated it. It provides historical examples such as the French and Indian War, the massacre of the Conestoga Indians, and the American Indian boarding schools to explore the power of colonialism to corrupt even those colonists with a belief system rooted in social justice.

Appalachian journal, 1975, Vol.2 (4), p.314-322

Pacific historical review, 1983, Vol.52 (3), p.267-291

Red Bird, Red Power tells the story of one of the most influential--and controversial--American Indian activists of the twentieth century. Zitkala-Sa (1876-1938), also known as Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, was a highly gifted writer, editor, and musician who dedicated her life to achieving justice for Native peoples.

New Perspectives in English and American Studies, 2022, p.245-256

Charles Cornelius Coffin Painter (1833-89), clergyman turned reformer, was one of the foremost advocates and activists in the late-nineteenth-century movement to reform U.S. Indian policy.

Wicazo sa review, 2007, Vol.22 (2), p.93-110

The story of the Thomas Indian School has been overlooked by history and historians even though it predated, lasted longer, and affected a larger number of Indian children than most of the more well-known federal boarding schools.

The disastrous Buffalo Creek Treaty of 1838 called for the Senecas' removal to Kansas (then part of the Indian Territory). From this low point, the Seneca Nation of Indians, which today occupies three reservations in western New York, sought to rebound.

Philadelphia Friends' work with the Allegany Senecas, 1795-1960

American Indian culture and research journal, 2006, Vol.30 (3), p.1-21

Fund-raising appeal, through the Indian Committee of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, for Tunesassa Indian Boarding School.