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ENVS 397: Senior Seminar (BMC/HC)

Environmental Studies Senior Seminar; Prof. Dhillon; Spring 2022

Citing Personal Communications

Phone calls are considered "personal communication" in APA style. 

Because they do not contain "recoverable data" - meaning, no one else could go 'look it up' after the phone conversation is over - these are not included in the reference list at the end of the paper. However you can include it as an in-text citation.

Personal Communication includes letters, phone calls, email messages, and interviews.

APA Style In-Text Citation:
(Interviewee First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, personal communication, Month Day, Year)

Example: (A. Smith, personal communication, September 27, 2013)

References:
Do not include in your references list.